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Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV) (often still referred to as VSV) is a virus in the family ''Rhabdoviridae''; the well-known rabies virus belongs to the same family. VSIV can infect insects, cattle, horses and pigs. It has particular importance to farmers in certain regions of the world where it can infect cattle. This is because its clinical presentation is identical to the very important foot and mouth disease virus.〔(Vesicular Stomatitis Virus ) reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 12 October 2011.〕 The virus is zoonotic and leads to a flu-like illness in infected humans. It is also a common laboratory virus used to study the properties of viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, as well as to study viral evolution.〔Norkin L.C. (2010.) ''Virology: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis'' American Society for Microbiology, Canada.〕 ==Properties== VSIV is an arbovirus. Natural VSIV infections encompass two steps, cytolytic infections of mammalian hosts and transmission by insects. In insects, infections are noncytolytic persistent. One confirmed vector of the virus is the phlebotomine sand fly ''Lutzomyia shannoni''.〔Mann, R. S., et al. (A Sand Fly, ''Lutzomyia shannoni'' Dyar (Insecta: Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotomine). ) EENY-421. Entomology and Nematology. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. 2009.〕 Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV) is the prototypic member of the genus ''Vesiculovirus'' of the family Rhabdoviridae. The genome of the virus is a single molecule of negative-sense RNA that encodes five major proteins: G protein (G), large protein (L), phosphoprotein, matrix protein (M) and nucleoprotein. The genome is 11,161 nucleotides long.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/?term=vsv+complete+genome )〕 The VSIV G protein enables viral entry. It mediates viral attachment to an LDL receptor (LDLR) or an LDLR family member present on the host cell.〔Finkelshtein D, Werman A, Novick D, Barak S, Rubinstein M. LDL receptor and its family members serve as the cellular receptors for vesicular stomatitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Apr 30;110(18):7306–11.〕 Following binding the VSIV-LDLR complex is rapidly endocytosed It then mediates fusion of the viral envelope with the endosomal membrane. VSIV enters the cell through partially clathrin-coated vesicles; virus-containing vesicles contain more clathrin and clathrin adaptor than conventional vesicles. Virus-containing vesicles recruit components of the actin machinery for their interaction, thus inducing its own uptake. Replication occurs in the cytoplasm. The VSIV L protein is encoded by half the genome, and combines with the phosphoprotein to catalyze replication of the mRNA. The VSIV M protein is encoded by an mRNA that is 831 nucleotides long and translates to a 229 amino acid-protein. The predicted M protein sequence does not contain any long hydrophobic or nonpolar domains that might promote membrane association. The protein is rich in basic amino acids and contains a highly basic amino terminal domain. After infection, the VSIV G gene is expressed and is commonly studied as a model for ''N''-linked glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is translated into the rough ER where the Glc3-Man9-GlcNac2 oligosaccharide is added by a dolichol-containing protein, to an NXS motif on VSIV G. Sugars are removed gradually as the protein travels to the Golgi apparatus, and it becomes resistant to endoglycosidase H.〔Alberts, et al. ''Molecular Biology of the Cell'', 4th ed. 2002.〕 VSIV G does not follow the same path as most vesicles because transport of the G protein from the ER to the plasma membrane is interrupted by incubation at 15 °C. Under this condition, the molecules accumulate in both the ER and a subcellular vesicle fraction of low density called the lipid-rich vesicle fraction. The material in the lipid-rich vesicle fraction appears to be a post-ER intermediate in the transport process to the plasma membrane (PM). When synthesized in polarized epithelial cells, the envelope glycoprotein VSV G is targeted to the basolateral PM. VSVG is also a common coat protein for lentiviral vector expression systems used to introduce genetic material into ''in vitro'' systems or animal models, mainly because of its extremely broad tropism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vesicular stomatitis virus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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